Shin karnuka suna fahimtar mutane?

Tsawon shekaru dubbai, karnuka sun kasance aminan mutum na kusa. Suna rayuwa da aiki tare da mu har ma sun zama membobin danginmu, amma sun fahimci kalmominmu da motsin zuciyarmu? Da dadewa, duk da ikirari da masu kiwon kare ke yi na akasin haka, masana kimiyya sun dauka cewa idan kare ya yi kama da ya fahimci mai shi, sai dai yana nuna irin dabi’un da aka koya ne, kuma mai shi yana dangana dabi’un dan Adam ne kawai. Amma bincike na baya-bayan nan ya sake tayar da tambayar ko karnuka suna fahimtar mutane da maganganun mutane.

Bincike a kan matakai masu hankali a cikin karnuka

Duk da cewa dan Adam yana sane da doguwar alaka ta kud da kud da ke tsakanin mutum da kare, bincike kan hanyoyin tunani da sarrafa bayanai a cikin karnuka wani sabon lamari ne. A cikin littafinsa Yadda Dogs Love Us, masanin ilimin neuroscientist Gregory Burns na Jami'ar Emory ya ambaci Charles Darwin a matsayin majagaba a fagen a cikin 1800s. Darwin ya yi rubuce-rubuce sosai game da karnuka da yadda suke bayyana motsin rai cikin harshen jiki a cikin aikinsa na uku, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Phys.org yana haskaka babban binciken zamani na farko, wanda Mataimakin Farfesa na Jami'ar Duke na Juyin Halitta Brian Hare ya gudanar a cikin 1990, sannan dalibin digiri a Jami'ar Emory. Duk da haka, wannan yanki na bincike ya sami ainihin shahararsa kawai a cikin 2000s. A zamanin yau, sabon bincike kan yadda karnuka ke fahimtar harshen ɗan adam, motsin rai, da motsin rai ana yin su akai-akai daidai gwargwado. Wannan fanni ya shahara sosai har Jami'ar Duke ta bude wani sashe na musamman mai suna Canine Cognition Centre karkashin jagorancin Dr. Hare.

Shin karnuka suna fahimtar mutane?

To, menene sakamakon duk binciken da aka yi? Shin karnuka suna fahimtar mu? Ya bayyana cewa masu kare da suka yi iƙirarin cewa karnuka sun fahimci su daidai ne, aƙalla a wani ɓangare.

Fahimtar magana

A shekara ta 2004, mujallar Science ta buga sakamakon wani bincike da ya shafi kan iyaka mai suna Rico. Wannan kare ya ci nasara a duniyar kimiyya, yana nuna ikon ban mamaki na saurin fahimtar sababbin kalmomi. Yin saurin fahimta shine ikon samar da ra'ayi mara kyau na ma'anar kalma bayan an fara jin ta, wanda shine halayyar yara ƙanana a lokacin da suka fara samar da ƙamus. Rico ya koyi sunayen abubuwa sama da 200 daban-daban, yana koyon gane su da suna kuma ya same su a cikin makonni huɗu na haduwa ta farko.

Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da Jami’ar Sussex da ke Ingila ta yi ya nuna cewa karnuka ba wai kawai sun fahimci abubuwan da ke tattare da motsin rai a cikin maganganunmu ba, har ma suna iya bambanta kalmomi masu ma'ana da ma'ana. Sakamakon wani bincike da aka yi a shekara ta 2014 da aka buga a mujallar Current Biology ya tabbatar da cewa karnuka kamar mutane, suna amfani da sassa daban-daban na kwakwalwa wajen sarrafa wadannan bangarorin na magana. Daidai daidai, siginar motsin rai ana sarrafa su ta gefen dama na kwakwalwa, kuma ana sarrafa ma'anar kalmomi ta hagu.

Fahimtar harshen jiki

Wani bincike da mujallar PLOS ONE ta yi a shekara ta 2012 ya tabbatar da cewa karnuka suna fahimtar abubuwan zamantakewar ɗan adam har zuwa inda za su iya yin tasiri a kansu. A lokacin binciken, an ba wa dabbobin abinci kashi biyu na abinci masu girma dabam. Yawancin karnuka sun zaɓi babban rabo da kansu. Amma da mutane suka shiga tsakani, lamarin ya canza. Ya zama a fili cewa kyakkyawar amsawar ɗan adam ga ƙaramin yanki na iya gamsar da dabbobi cewa yana da kyawawa a zaɓi shi.

A cikin wani binciken na 2012 da aka buga a mujallar Current Biology, masu binciken Hungary sun yi nazari kan iyawar karnuka don fassara hanyoyin sadarwa mara kyau. A yayin binciken, an nuna dabbobin nau'i biyu na bidiyo iri ɗaya. A cikin sigar farko, matar ta kalli kare ta ce kalmomin: “Hi, kare!” cikin sautin kauna kafin ya kalleta. Siga ta biyu ta banbanta wajen cewa macen tana kallon kasa koda yaushe tana magana cikin sanyin murya. Lokacin kallon sigar farko na faifan bidiyon, karnuka suka kalli matar suka bi ta da kallo. Dangane da wannan martani, masu binciken sun kammala cewa karnuka suna da ikon fahimta iri ɗaya da yara masu shekaru tsakanin watanni shida zuwa goma sha biyu don gane hulɗar kai tsaye da su da kuma bayanin da aka yi musu.

Wataƙila wannan ba wahayi ba ne ga Dr. Hare na Cibiyar Canine Cognition a Jami'ar Duke, wanda ya yi nasa gwaje-gwajen da karnuka a matsayin babban jami'a a Jami'ar Emory a cikin 1990s. A cewar Phys.org, binciken Dr. Hare ya tabbatar da cewa karnuka sun fi ’yan uwanmu na kusa, chimpanzees, har ma da yara, wajen fahimtar dabaru masu dabara kamar nuna yatsa, matsayi na jiki, da motsin ido.

Fahimtar motsin rai

A farkon wannan shekara, mawallafin binciken da aka buga a cikin mujallar Biology Letters of the Royal Society of London (British Royal Society), sun ba da rahoton cewa dabbobi suna iya fahimtar motsin zuciyar mutane. Sakamakon hadin gwiwa tsakanin masu bincike daga Jami'ar Lincoln da ke Burtaniya da Jami'ar Sao Paulo a Brazil, binciken ya tabbatar da cewa karnuka suna nuna alamun tunani na zahiri da kuma yanayi mara kyau.

A lokacin binciken, an nuna karnukan hotunan mutane da wasu karnuka masu kama da farin ciki ko fushi. Nunin hotunan ya kasance tare da nunin faifan bidiyo tare da muryoyin farin ciki ko fushi / m. Lokacin da tunanin da aka bayyana ta hanyar sautin ya dace da motsin zuciyar da aka kwatanta a hoton, dabbobin sun ciyar da lokaci mai yawa don nazarin yanayin fuska a cikin hoton.

A cewar daya daga cikin masu binciken, Dokta Ken Guo na Makarantar Ilimin Halitta ta Jami’ar Lincoln, “Binciken da aka yi a baya ya nuna cewa karnuka na iya gano motsin zuciyar dan Adam bisa la’akari da alamu kamar yanayin fuska, amma wannan ba daidai yake da sanin motsin zuciyarmu ba. ” a cewar shafin. KimiyyaDaily.

Ta hanyar haɗa tashoshi daban-daban na fahimta guda biyu, masu binciken sun nuna cewa lallai karnuka suna da ikon fahimta da fahimtar motsin mutane.

Me ya sa karnuka suke fahimtar mu?

Dalilin da yasa dabbobin gida ke iya fahimce mu har yanzu asiri ne, amma yawancin masu bincike sunyi la'akari da wannan ikon sakamakon juyin halitta da kuma larura. Karnuka sun kasance suna da alaƙa ta kud da kud da mutane tsawon dubban shekaru kuma bayan lokaci sun dogara da mutane fiye da kowane nau'in dabba. Watakila kiwo kuma ya taka rawa, wanda aka zaba karnuka bisa ga wasu iyakoki na fahimi. A kowane hali, a bayyane yake cewa mutanen da suke da dangantaka ta kud da kud da kuma dogara ga mutum, ba da dade ko ba dade suna haɓaka ikon fahimtar mu da sadarwa tare da mu.

Menene ma'anar wannan a gare ku da kwikwiyonku?

Yanzu da kun ƙara sanin cewa dabbar ku tana iya fahimtar ba kawai kalmomi da umarnin magana ba, har ma da alamun motsin rai, menene bambanci ke haifarwa? Da farko, yana ba ku kwarin gwiwa cewa ɗan kwiwarku zai iya koyon ba kawai umarnin "Zauna!", "Tsaya!" da "Paw!" Karnuka suna da ikon haddace ɗaruruwan kalmomi, kamar Rico, da aka ambata a sama, da Chaser, Border Collie, wanda ya koyi kalmomi sama da 1. Chaser yana da babban ƙarfin ɗaukar sabbin kalmomi cikin sauri kuma yana iya samun abin wasa da sunansa. Idan ka tambaye shi ya samo a cikin kayan wasan yara da aka sani da shi wani abu wanda sunansa bai saba da shi ba, zai fahimci cewa sabon abin wasan dole ne ya haɗa shi da wani sabon suna wanda ba a san shi ba. Wannan iyawar ta tabbatar da cewa abokanmu masu ƙafafu huɗu suna da wayo sosai.

Wata tambaya da aka yi magana a cikin binciken iyawar karnuka shine ko suna iya fahimtar abubuwan zamantakewa. Shin kun lura cewa lokacin da kuke da rana mai wahala, kare yana ƙoƙarin zama kusa da ku kuma yana shafa sau da yawa? Ta wannan hanyar, yana so ya ce: “Na fahimci cewa kuna cikin wahala, kuma ina so in taimaka.” Idan kun fahimci wannan, yana da sauƙi a gare ku don ƙarfafa dangantaka, saboda kun san yadda za ku amsa yanayin tunanin juna kuma ku raba farin ciki da baƙin ciki - kamar iyali na gaske.

Shin karnuka suna fahimtar mu? Babu shakka. Don haka lokacin da kuka yi magana da dabbar ku kuma ku lura cewa yana sauraron ku da kyau, ku tabbata cewa ba abin da kuke tunani ba ne. Karen ku ba ya fahimtar kowace kalma kuma bai san ainihin ma'anarta ba, amma ya fi ku sanin ku fiye da yadda kuke zato. Amma mafi mahimmanci, dabbar ku yana iya fahimtar cewa kuna son shi, don haka kada ku yi tunanin cewa magana da shi game da ƙaunarku ba shi da ma'ana.