Yaya da abin da kunkuru ke shaka a ƙarƙashin ruwa da kuma a kan ƙasa, gabobin numfashi na teku da kunkuru na ƙasa

An yi imani da cewa jajayen kunnuwa da sauran kunkuru suna shaƙa a ƙarƙashin ruwa kamar kifi - tare da gills. Wannan kuskure ne - kowane nau'in kunkuru masu rarrafe ne kuma suna shaka duka a cikin ƙasa da cikin ruwa iri ɗaya - tare da taimakon huhu. Amma nau'in nau'i na musamman na sassan numfashi na waɗannan dabbobi yana ba su damar amfani da iskar oxygen fiye da tattalin arziki, don haka za su iya riƙe iska kuma su zauna a karkashin ruwa na dogon lokaci.

Na'urar tsarin numfashi

A cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da mutane, lokacin numfashi, diaphragm yana faɗaɗa kuma ana ɗaukar iska ta huhu - ana yin haka ta haƙarƙari mai motsi. A cikin kunkuru, dukkanin gabobin ciki suna kewaye da harsashi, kuma wurin kirji ba ya motsi, don haka tsarin shan iska ya bambanta. Tsarin numfashi na waɗannan dabbobin ya ƙunshi gabobi masu zuwa:

• hanci na waje - ana yin inhalation ta hanyar su;
• hanci na ciki (ana kiransa choanas) - yana cikin sama kuma kusa da fissure na laryngeal;
• dilator - tsoka da ke buɗe maƙogwaro lokacin shakarwa da fitarwa;
• gajeren trachea - ya ƙunshi zoben cartilaginous, yana gudanar da iska zuwa bronchi;
• bronchi - reshe a cikin biyu, gudanar da iskar oxygen zuwa huhu;
• huhu nama - located a kan tarnaƙi, mamaye na sama na jiki.

Ana yin numfashin kunkuru godiya ga ƙungiyoyi biyu na tsokoki da ke cikin ciki. Dabbobi masu rarrafe ba su da diaphragm da ke raba gabobin ciki da huhu; lokacin da ake shaka, tsokoki kawai suna tura gabobin, suna barin ƙwayar huhu ta spongy ta cika sararin samaniya gaba ɗaya. Lokacin fitar da numfashi, motsi na juyawa yana faruwa kuma matsa lamba na gabobin ciki yana haifar da huhu don yin kwangila da fitar da iskar da ke shayewa.

Sau da yawa, ƙafafu da kai kuma suna da hannu a cikin tsari - ta hanyar jawo su, dabba yana rage sararin samaniya na ciki kuma yana fitar da iska daga cikin huhu. Rashin diaphragm yana kawar da samuwar karfin baya a cikin kirji, don haka lalacewa ga huhu baya dakatar da tsarin numfashi. Godiya ga wannan, kunkuru na iya rayuwa lokacin da harsashi ya karye.

Kullum ana shan iska ta hanci. Idan kunkuru ya bude baki ya yi kokarin numfashi ta bakinsa, wannan alama ce ta rashin lafiya.

wari

Godiya ga hadadden tsarin tsarin numfashi, kunkuru ba kawai numfashi ba, amma suna karɓar bayanai game da duniyar da ke kewaye da su ta hanyar jin dadi. Kamshi shine babban tushen bayanai ga waɗannan dabbobi - suna da mahimmanci don samun nasarar samun abinci, daidaitawa a yankin, da sadarwa tare da dangi. Masu karɓa na olfactory suna cikin hanci da bakin dabba, saboda haka, don ɗaukar iska, kunkuru yana yin kwangilar tsokoki na kasan bakin. Ana fitar da numfashi ta hanci, wani lokaci tare da amo mai kaifi. Kuna iya ganin sau da yawa yadda dabbar ke hamma - wannan kuma wani bangare ne na tsarin wari.

Na'urar tsarin numfashi, da kuma rashin tsokoki na diaphragm, ya sa ba zai yiwu a tari ba. Saboda haka, dabba ba zai iya da kansa cire abubuwa na waje da suka shiga cikin bronchi ba, kuma mafi yawan lokuta ya mutu a cikin matakai na kumburi na huhu.

Kunkuru nawa ba zai iya numfashi ba

Lokacin yin iyo kusa da saman ruwa, kunkuru a kai a kai suna tashi sama don ɗaukar iska. Yawan numfashi a cikin minti daya ya dogara da nau'in dabba, shekaru da girman harsashi. Yawancin nau'ikan suna shan numfashi kowane 'yan mintoci kaɗan - nau'ikan ruwa suna tashi sama kowane minti 20. Amma kowane nau'in kunkuru na iya ɗaukar numfashi har zuwa sa'o'i da yawa.

Wannan yana yiwuwa saboda girman girman ƙwayar huhu. A cikin kunkuru mai ja, huhu ya mamaye kashi 14% na jiki. Sabili da haka, a cikin numfashi ɗaya, dabba na iya samun iskar oxygen na sa'o'i da yawa a karkashin ruwa. Idan kunkuru bai yi iyo ba, amma yana kwance a ƙasa mara motsi, ana cinye iskar oxygen har ma da sannu a hankali, yana iya ɗaukar kusan kwana ɗaya.

Ba kamar nau'in ruwa ba, kunkuru na ƙasa suna aiwatar da aikin numfashi sosai, suna ɗaukar numfashi sama da 5-6 a cikin minti ɗaya.

Hanyoyi na numfashi da ba a saba ba

Bugu da ƙari, numfashi na yau da kullum ta hanyar hanci, yawancin wakilan nau'in ruwa na ruwa suna iya samun iskar oxygen ta wata hanya. Kuna iya jin cewa kunkuru na ruwa suna numfashi ta cikin gindinsu - irin wannan hanya ta musamman ta wanzu, kuma ana kiran waɗannan dabbobin "numfashin bimodally". Kwayoyin musamman waɗanda ke cikin makogwaron dabba da kuma a cikin cloaca suna iya ɗaukar iskar oxygen kai tsaye daga ruwa. Numfasawa da fitar da ruwa daga cloaca yana haifar da wani tsari wanda za'a iya kiransa da gaske "numfashin ganima" - wasu nau'in suna yin dozin da yawa irin wannan motsi a cikin minti daya. Wannan yana ba da damar dabbobi masu rarrafe su yi nitse mai zurfi ba tare da tashi zuwa saman ba har zuwa 10-12 hours.

Shahararren wakilin da ke amfani da tsarin numfashi guda biyu shine kunkuru Fitzroy, wanda ke zaune a cikin kogin suna daya a Ostiraliya. Wannan kunkuru a zahiri yana numfashi karkashin ruwa, godiya ga kyallen takarda na musamman a cikin jakunkuna na cloacal cike da tasoshin ruwa da yawa. Wannan yana ba ta damar kada ta yi iyo a saman har zuwa kwanaki da yawa. Rashin lahani na wannan hanyar numfashi shine babban buƙatun don tsabtataccen ruwa - dabba ba za ta iya samun iskar oxygen daga wani ruwa mai hadari wanda ya gurbata da ƙazanta daban-daban.

Tsarin numfashin anaerobic

Bayan shan numfashi, kunkuru yana nutsewa a hankali, tafiyar da iskar oxygen daga huhu zuwa cikin jini yana ci gaba da minti 10-20 na gaba. Carbon dioxide yana tarawa ba tare da haifar da haushi ba, ba tare da buƙatar ƙarewa nan da nan ba, kamar a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa. A lokaci guda, ana kunna numfashin anaerobic, wanda a matakin ƙarshe na sha ya maye gurbin iskar gas ta hanyar ƙwayar huhu.

A lokacin numfashin anaerobic, ana amfani da kyallen da ke bayan makogwaro, a cikin cloaca - shimfidawa yana sa waɗannan pads suyi kama da gills. Yana ɗaukar 'yan daƙiƙa kaɗan kawai don dabbar ta cire carbon dioxide sannan ta sake ɗaukar iska yayin da take hawan sama. Yawancin nau'in jinsuna suna fitar da numfashi sosai a cikin ruwa kafin su daga kai sama da sama su sha iska ta hancinsu.

Banda kunkuru na teku - sassan numfashin su ba sa hada da kyallen takarda a cikin cloaca ko makogwaro, don haka don samun iskar oxygen, dole ne su yi iyo zuwa sama kuma suna shakar iska ta hancinsu.

Numfashi lokacin barci

Wasu nau'in kunkuru suna ciyar da dukan zamansu a ƙarƙashin ruwa, wani lokaci a cikin wani tafki da aka rufe da ruwan ƙanƙara. Numfashi a cikin wannan lokacin anaerobically ana gudanar da shi ta fata, cesspool jakunkuna da na musamman outgrowths a cikin makogwaro. Duk tsarin tafiyar da jiki yayin bacci yana raguwa ko tsayawa, don haka ana buƙatar iskar oxygen kawai don wadata zuciya da ƙwaƙwalwa.