Manyan kwari 10 mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya

Yanzu a duniyarmu akwai nau'ikan kwari sama da miliyan guda. Yawancin su an san su sosai, wasu kuma kwanan nan aka yi nazari. Duk da cewa mutum baya lura da fa'ida ko cutarwa da yawa daga cikinsu, kowane nau'in iri yana taka rawa sosai a cikin yanayin yanayin duniya, har ma da mafi kankanta. Wannan hujja ce tabbatacciya!

Term "kwari" An fara amfani da su a fagen kimiyya ne kawai a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 18, sannan aka fara nazarin duniya game da wannan nau'in halittu masu rai.

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu dubi mene ne ƙananan kwari a duniya, menene ainihin su.

10 Mymaridae Haliday, 4 мм

Wannan nau'in nasa ne na dangin parasitic wasps. Wasu nau'ikan na iya parasitize kwari na ruwa, suna bin su a ƙarƙashin ruwa, amma galibin ƙwaro ne da kwari. Irin wannan a Turai, an samo nau'ikan nau'ikan 5.

Mymaridae Haliday wajibi ne a yanayi don sarrafa ayyukan kwari. Misali, wani nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) ƙwari ga bishiyar eucalyptus a Turai da New Zealand da sassan Afirka da kudancin Turai.

Iyalin Mymaridae sun haɗa da kusan nau'ikan nau'ikan 100 da aka gano a halin yanzu da kuma nau'ikan nau'ikan 1400. Wannan iyali kuma ya haɗa da ƙananan kwari a duniya, waɗanda girmansu bai wuce ciliates ba.

9. Gonatocerus, 2,6 mm

Nasa ne na dangin Mymaridae da aka bayyana a sama. Nasa ne na kwari masu kwari, ko fiye da haka, ga asalin mahayin chalcidoid.

Wannan jinsin ba a yaɗuwa sosai. Masana kimiyya suna da kusan nau'ikan 40 a cikin Palearctic, kusan 80 a Ostiraliya da kusan nau'ikan 100 a cikin Neotropics.

Kwarin suna sanye da eriya, yana nuna jinsi: 12-segmented (flagelum-segmented 8) a cikin mata da 13-segmented (11-segmented flagellum) a cikin maza. Kowane mutum yana sanye da ƙafafu da fuka-fuki 4, inda na baya ya yi ƙasa da na gaba. Mafi sau da yawa Gonatocerus parasitize a kan qwai na leafhoppers da humpbacks.

8. Micronecta scholtsi, 2mm

Wannan nau'in kwaro na ruwa na dangin rower ne. A arthropod yana zaune ne kawai a Turai. Kwarin yana yin ƙara sosai (don aji da girmansa).

Masanan halittu daga Faransa da Switzerland sun auna girman sautin Micronecta scholtsi, wanda ya nuna sakamako har zuwa 99,2 dB. Ana iya kwatanta waɗannan alkaluman da yawan adadin jirgin dakon kaya da ke wucewa.

Namiji ne kawai zai iya haifar da irin wannan sauti don jawo hankalin mace. Yana yin haka ne ta hanyar guje wa azzakarinsa (wanda ya kai girman gashin mutum) a cikinsa.

Gaskiyar cewa kwaro na ruwa na iya haifar da irin waɗannan sauti ba a sani ba, tun da kusan kusan (99%) ƙarar ya ɓace lokacin da matsakaici ya canza daga ruwa zuwa iska.

Suna zama mafi yawa a cikin tafkuna ko tafkuna inda ruwa ya kasance. Ana kuma samun su a cikin ruwa mai gudu, amma da yawa ƙasa da yawa.

7. Nanosella fungi, 0,39 mm

Irin wannan nau'in kwari na ƙwaro na cikin dangin kwari masu fuka-fuki, nau'in neotropical. Har zuwa 2015, masana kimiyya sun gaskata cewa Nanosella fungi shine ƙwarin ƙwaro mafi ƙanƙanta, amma ba da daɗewa ba masana ilimin halitta suka karyata wannan bayanin.

Da farko, masana kimiyya sun fassara sakamakon auna ba daidai ba. A halin yanzu, mafi ƙarancin ƙwaro shine Scydosella musawasensis.

A cewar masana ilmin halitta, ana rarraba arthropod ne kawai a cikin dazuzzuka na yankunan gabashin Amurka. Mafi sau da yawa ana iya samun su a cikin spores na polypore fungi.

6. Scydosella musawawasensis, 0,337 namiji

Ita ce mafi ƙarancin ƙwaro. Hakanan ita ce kawai irin ƙwaro na monotropic genus Scydosella. Rarraba yafi a tsakiya da kudancin yankunan Amurka (Nicaragua, Colombia).

Siffar jiki yana ɗan ƙarami kaɗan, kama da oval. Kwari suna da jikin rawaya-launin ruwan kasa. Scydosella musawasensis an yi la'akari da mafi ƙanƙanta ƙwaro mai rai, kamar yadda mafi ƙanƙanta shine parasite.

An fara bayyana nau'in nau'in ne kawai a cikin 1999, lokacin da aka samo samfurori da yawa a Nicaragua. Wurin zama na kwari yana cikin Layer tubular a cikin polypore fungi.

5. Tinkerbella nana, 0,25 mm

Wannan nau'in na dangin Mymaridae ne (zaka iya karanta game da shi dan kadan). Tsawon jikin mutum shine sau da yawa a cikin 0,25 mm (a cikin maza shine mafi yawan lokuta 210-230 mm, kuma a cikin mata fiye - daga 225 zuwa 250 mm).

Tinkerbella nana jiki yayi haske. A cikin mata, flagellum na antennae ya ƙunshi sassa 5, yayin da a cikin maza yana da kashi 10, kuma kulob din yana da kashi ɗaya. Mutane suna da idanu masu rikitarwa (tare da ommatidia 50).

Masana kimiyya daga Kanada da Amurka sun bayyana nau'in a cikin 2013. An ba da sunan dangane da kwatance mai ban sha'awa. An yiwa nau'in lakabin nana, don girmama kare Peter Pan (da kuma daga kalmar Helenanci "Dwarf"). Kuma an ba da sunan jinsin da sunan almara na Tinker Bell daga irin wannan littafi.

4. Megaphragma mymaripenne, 0,2 mm

Kwarin na cikin nau'in mahayin chalcidoid ne. Kusan babu chromosomes a cikin kwakwalwarsa, kuma tsawon rayuwarsa kwanaki 5 ne kacal. An rarraba arthropod a ko'ina: ita ce Turai (Spain, Portugal, da sauransu), da Ostiraliya, da tsibirin Hawai, da sauran wurare masu yawa.

size Megaphragma mymaripenne karami fiye da na takalmin ciliate. Kwari yana da tsarin jin tsoro da aka rage sosai wanda ya ƙunshi 7400 neurons, wanda sau da yawa ya fi girma fiye da na manyan nau'in. Wadannan kwari masu tashi an san su da ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta.

An kwatanta wannan nau'in tun da daɗewa - a cikin 1924, bisa ga bayanan da aka samu daga tsibirin Hawaii.

3. Megaphragma caribea, 0,171 mm

Wannan kwarin kuma na cikin nau'in mahayin chalcidoid ne. An rarraba shi a Guadeloupe (a gabashin Tekun Caribbean), saboda haka ana kiran nau'in caribea.

A matsakaita, mutane suna da girma a cikin yanki na 0,1 - 0,1778 mm - wannan shine 170 microns. Ya kasance na dangin trichogrammatid wasps. Caribbean Megaphragma an fara kwatanta shi a cikin littattafai a shekara ta 1993. Kuma har zuwa shekara ta 1997, an ɗauki wannan kwarin a matsayin mafi ƙanƙanta a duniyarmu.

2. Dicopomorpha echmepterygis, 0,139 mm

An dauki nau'in nau'in mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin kwari na duniya daga dangin chalcidoid ichneumon parasites. Dicopomorpha ecmepterygis An gano shi a Amurka ta tsakiya (a Costa Rica) a cikin 1997, yana ɗauke da taken mafi ƙanƙanta kwari a duniya daga nau'in Megaphragma caribea.

Maza maza ana daukar su a matsayin mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya, tun da tsayin jikinsu bai wuce 0,139 mm a girman ba, wanda, a cewar masana kimiyya, ya kasance ƙasa da ciliate na takalma.

Eriya kusan daidai da tsayin jiki. Ya kamata a lura cewa matan wannan nau'in kwari sun fi maza girma 40%, kuma suna da fuka-fuki da idanu. Mazaunan su shine ƙwai na masu cin ciyawa, wanda kwari sukan yi parasitize.

1. Alaptus magnanimus Annandale, 0,12 mm

Mijin Annandale mai karimci na gidan Mymaridae ne. Ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin mafi ƙanƙanta kwaro a duniya, saboda girman girman balagagge ba ya wuce 0,12 mm, wanda ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da takalman ciliate guda ɗaya.

Alaptus magnanimus Annandale an gano shi da dadewa - baya cikin 1909 a Indiya. Idon ɗan adam ba zai ma iya ganin wannan ƙaramar halitta ba tare da na'urori na musamman na ƙara girma ba.