Menene sarƙoƙin abinci a cikin gandun daji daban-daban: bayanin da misalai

Sarkar abinci ita ce isar da makamashi daga tushensa ta hanyar jerin kwayoyin halitta. Dukkan halittu suna haɗe, yayin da suke zama kayan abinci ga sauran halittu. Duk sarkar abinci sun ƙunshi mahaɗi uku zuwa biyar. Na farko yawanci su ne masu samarwa - kwayoyin halitta waɗanda da kansu suna iya samar da kwayoyin halitta daga abubuwan da ba su da tushe. Waɗannan tsire-tsire ne waɗanda ke samun abubuwan gina jiki ta hanyar photosynthesis. Gaba masu amfani da su - waɗannan kwayoyin halitta ne na heterotrophic waɗanda ke karɓar abubuwan da aka shirya. Waɗannan za su zama dabbobi: duka masu cin ganyayyaki da masu cin nama. Hanyar rufewa na sarkar abinci yawanci bazuwar - ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke lalata kwayoyin halitta.

Sashin abinci ba zai iya ƙunshi hanyoyi shida ko fiye ba, tun da kowane sabon hanyar haɗin yanar gizon yana karɓar kawai 10% na makamashi na hanyar haɗin da ta gabata, wani 90% ya ɓace a cikin yanayin zafi.

Menene sarkar abinci?

Akwai iri biyu: kiwo da detritus. Na farko sun fi kowa a yanayi. A cikin irin wannan sarƙoƙi, hanyar haɗin farko koyaushe ita ce masu samarwa (shuka). Masu amfani da tsari na farko suna biye da su - dabbobi masu tsire-tsire. Na gaba - masu amfani da tsari na biyu - ƙananan mafarauta. Bayan su akwai masu amfani da tsari na uku - manyan mafarauta. Bugu da ari, ana iya samun masu amfani da tsari na huɗu, irin waɗannan dogayen sarƙoƙi na abinci galibi ana samun su a cikin tekuna. Hanya ta ƙarshe ita ce masu bazuwa.

Nau'in wutar lantarki na biyu - detritus - ya fi kowa a cikin gandun daji da savannas. Suna tasowa ne saboda yawancin makamashin shuka ba a cinye su ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta masu tsire-tsire, amma sun mutu, sa'an nan kuma an lalata su ta hanyar decomposers da mineralized.

Salon abinci na irin wannan yana farawa daga detritus - ragowar kwayoyin halitta na shuka da asalin dabba. Masu cin abinci na farko a cikin irin wannan sarkar abinci sune kwari, irin su dung beetles, ko ƙwararru, irin su kuraye, wolf, ungulu. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke ciyar da ragowar tsire-tsire na iya zama masu amfani da farko a cikin irin wannan sarƙoƙi.

A cikin biogeocenoses, komai yana haɗuwa ta hanyar da yawancin nau'ikan halittu masu rai zasu iya zama mahalarta a cikin nau'ikan sarkar abinci guda biyu.

Sarkar abinci a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka da gauraye

Ana rarraba dazuzzukan dazuzzuka mafi yawa a Arewacin Hemisphere na duniya. Ana samun su a Yammacin Turai da Tsakiyar Turai, a Kudancin Scandinavia, a cikin Urals, a Yammacin Siberiya, Gabashin Asiya, Arewacin Florida.

An raba dazuzzukan dazuzzuka zuwa ganyaye mai faɗi da ƙananan ganye. Tsohon suna da irin waɗannan bishiyoyi kamar itacen oak, Linden, ash, maple, elm. Na biyu - Birch, alder, aspen.

Gauraye dazuzzuka su ne waɗanda a cikinsa suke tsiro da bishiyoyin coniferous da ciyayi. Ganyayyaki masu gauraye suna da yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayi. Ana samun su a kudancin Scandinavia, a cikin Caucasus, a cikin Carpathians, a Gabas mai Nisa, a Siberiya, a California, a cikin Appalachians, kusa da Babban Tafkuna.

Ganyayyaki masu gauraya sun ƙunshi bishiyoyi irin su spruce, pine, itacen oak, Linden, maple, elm, apple, fir, beech, hornbeam.

Ya zama ruwan dare a cikin gandun daji masu gauraye da gauraye sarkar abinci kiwo. Hanya ta farko a cikin sarkar abinci a cikin gandun daji yawanci iri-iri ne na ganye, berries kamar raspberries, blueberries, strawberries. elderberry, itacen haushi, kwayoyi, cones.

Masu amfani na farko za su kasance masu cin ganyayyaki kamar su barewa, aljanu, barewa, rodents, misali, squirrels, mice, shrews, da kurege.

Masu amfani da oda na biyu mafarauta ne. Yawancin lokaci shi ne fox, wolf, weasel, ermine, lynx, mujiya da sauransu. Kyakkyawan misali na gaskiyar cewa nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) da ke shiga cikin kiwo da sarkar abinci mai lalacewa.

Masu amfani da na biyu na iya zama ganima ga manyan mafarauta, musamman tsuntsaye: alal misali, shaho na iya cin kananan mujiya.

Hanyar rufewa zata kasance bazuwar (lalata kwayoyin cuta).

Misalai na sarƙoƙin abinci a cikin gandun daji-coniferous:

• Birch haushi - kurege - kerkeci - decomposers;
• itace - Maybug tsutsa - katako - shaho - masu lalata;
• leaf zuriyar dabbobi (detritus) - tsutsotsi - shrews - mujiya - decomposers.

Siffofin sarƙoƙin abinci a cikin gandun daji na coniferous

Irin waɗannan gandun daji suna a arewacin Eurasia da Arewacin Amirka. Sun ƙunshi bishiyoyi irin su Pine, spruce, fir, cedar, larch da sauransu.

A nan komai ya sha bamban da gauraye da dazuzzukan deciduous.

Hanya na farko a cikin wannan yanayin ba zai zama ciyawa ba, amma gansakuka, shrubs ko lichens. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin gandun daji na coniferous babu isasshen haske don murfin ciyawa mai yawa ya wanzu.

Saboda haka, dabbobin da za su zama masu amfani da tsari na farko za su bambanta - kada su ci ciyawa, amma gansakuka, lichens ko shrubs. Yana iya zama wasu nau'ikan barewa.

Duk da cewa shrubs da mosses sun fi yawa, tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire da bushes ana samun su a cikin gandun daji na coniferous. Waɗannan su ne nettle, celandine, strawberry, elderberry. Hares, moose, squirrels yawanci suna cin irin wannan abinci, wanda kuma zai iya zama masu cin abinci na farko.

Masu amfani da tsari na biyu za su kasance, kamar gauraye dazuzzuka, mafarauta. Waɗannan su ne mink, bear, wolverine, lynx da sauransu.

Ƙananan mafarauta irin su mink na iya zama ganima don oda na uku masu amfani.

Hanyar rufewa za ta kasance ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na lalacewa.

Bugu da ƙari, a cikin gandun daji na coniferous suna da yawa detrital abinci sarkar. Anan, hanyar haɗin farko za ta kasance sau da yawa shine humus shuka, wanda ake ciyar da shi ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa, ya zama, bi da bi, abinci ga dabbobin da ba su da hannu waɗanda fungi ke ci. Irin waɗannan sarƙoƙi galibi suna da tsayi kuma suna iya ƙunsar mahaɗa sama da biyar.

Misalai na sarƙoƙin abinci a cikin dajin coniferous:

• Pine kwayoyi - squirrel - mink - decomposers;
• shuka humus (detritus) - kwayoyin cuta - protozoa - fungi - bear - decomposers.