Menene zuciyar amphibians: cikakken bayanin da halaye

Amphibians suna cikin ajin kashin baya masu ƙafafu huɗu, gabaɗaya wannan ajin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan dabbobi kusan dubu shida da ɗari bakwai, waɗanda suka haɗa da kwadi, salamanders da sabbi. Wannan ajin ana ganin ba kasafai ba ne. Akwai jinsin ashirin da takwas a Rasha da ɗari biyu da arba'in da bakwai a cikin Madagascar.

Amphibians na cikin kashin baya na duniya ne, suna da matsayi na tsaka-tsaki tsakanin kasusuwan ruwa da na kasa, saboda yawancin nau'in halittu suna hayayyafa kuma suna haɓaka a cikin yanayin ruwa, kuma daidaikun da suka balaga sukan fara rayuwa a ƙasa.

Ambiyawa da huhu, wanda suke shaka, zagayowar jini ya ƙunshi da'ira biyu, kuma zuciya tana da ɗakuna uku. Jini a cikin amphibians ya kasu kashi venous da arterial. Motsin amfibian yana faruwa ne tare da taimakon gaɓoɓi masu yatsa biyar, kuma suna da haɗin gwiwa. Kashin baya da kwanyar suna motsi ta motsi. Gidan guringuntsin murabba'i na palatine yana haɗuwa tare da autostyle, kuma himandibular ya zama ossicle na sauraro. Ji a cikin amphibians ya fi kama kifi: ban da kunnen ciki, akwai kuma kunnen tsakiya. Idanu sun daidaita don gani da kyau a nesa daban-daban.

A kan ƙasa, masu amphibians ba su da cikakkiyar dacewa don rayuwa - ana iya ganin wannan a duk gabobin. Yanayin zafin jiki na amphibians ya dogara da zafi da zafin yanayin su. Ƙarfinsu na kewayawa da motsawa a ƙasa yana da iyaka.

Tsarin jini da jini

Ambiyawa ku sami zuciya mai ɗaki uku, ya ƙunshi ventricle da atria a cikin adadin guda biyu. A cikin caudate da legless, dama da hagu atria ba su rabu gaba daya. Anurans suna da cikakkiyar septum tsakanin atria, amma masu amphibians suna da budewa guda ɗaya wanda ke haɗa ventricle zuwa duka atria. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin zuciyar amphibians akwai sinus na venous, wanda ke karɓar jinin jini kuma yana sadarwa tare da daidaitaccen atrium. Mazugi na jijiya yana haɗuwa da zuciya, ana zubar da jini a ciki daga ventricle.

A conus arteriosus yana da karkace bawul, wanda ke rarraba jini zuwa tasoshin ruwa guda uku. Ma'anar zuciya shine rabon ƙwayar zuciya zuwa yawan nauyin jiki, ya dogara da yadda dabbar ke aiki. Misali, ciyawa da korayen kwadi suna motsi kadan kuma suna da karfin zuciya kasa da rabin kashi. Kuma mai aiki, toad ɗin ƙasa yana da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari.

A cikin larvae amphibian, zagayawa na jini yana da da'irar daya, tsarin samar da jininsu yayi kama da kifi: daya atrium a cikin zuciya da ventricle, akwai mazugi na arterial wanda ke reshe zuwa nau'i-nau'i 4 na gill arteries. Hanyoyi uku na farko sun rabu zuwa capillaries a cikin ginshiƙan waje da na ciki, kuma rassan capillaries suna haɗuwa a cikin arteries na reshe. Jijiyoyin da ke aiwatar da baka na farko na reshe ya rabu zuwa arteries carotid, wanda ke ba da kai da jini.

gill arteries

Haɗa na biyu da na uku efferent reshe arteries tare da tushen aortic na dama da hagu kuma haɗin su yana faruwa a cikin dorsal aorta. Ƙarshen biyu na arteries na reshe ba ya raba zuwa capillaries, saboda a kan baka na hudu zuwa cikin ciki da na waje, aorta na baya yana gudana a cikin tushen. Ci gaba da samuwar huhu yana tare da sake fasalin jini.

An raba atrium ta hanyar septum mai tsayi zuwa hagu da dama, yana mai da zuciya mai ɗaki uku. Cibiyar sadarwa na capillaries an rage kuma ta juya zuwa carotid arteries, kuma tushen dorsal aorta ya samo asali ne daga nau'i-nau'i na biyu, caudates suna riƙe da nau'i na uku, yayin da biyu na hudu suka juya zuwa fata-nau'in huhu. Hakanan tsarin kewayawar jini yana canzawa kuma yana samun matsakaicin hali tsakanin tsarin ƙasa da na ruwa. Mafi girman sake fasalin yana faruwa a cikin anuran amphibian.

Manya masu amphibians suna da zuciya mai ɗaki uku: daya ventricle da atria a cikin adadin guda biyu. Sirin siriri mai bangon jijiyoyi yana haɗuwa da atrium a gefen dama, kuma mazugi na jijiya yana tashi daga ventricle. Ana iya ƙarasa da cewa zuciya tana da sassa biyar. Akwai buɗaɗɗen buɗewa na gama gari, wanda duka atria ke buɗewa cikin ventricle. Har ila yau, bawuloli na atrioventricular suna can, ba sa barin jini ya koma cikin atrium lokacin da ventricle ya yi kwangila.

Akwai samuwar ɗakuna masu yawa waɗanda ke sadarwa tare da juna saboda fitar da muscular na bangon ventricular - wannan baya barin jini ya haɗu. Mazugi na jijiya yana fita daga ventricle na dama, kuma mazugi na karkace yana cikinsa. Daga wannan mazugi na arterial arches fara tashi a cikin adadin nau'i-nau'i uku, da farko tasoshin suna da membrane na kowa.

Jijiyoyin huhu na hagu da dama fara nisa daga mazugi. Sai tushen aorta ya fara tashi. Rushewar reshe guda biyu sun raba arteries guda biyu: subclavian da occipital-vertebral, suna ba da jini ga gaban gaba da tsokoki na jiki, kuma suna haɗuwa a cikin dorsal aorta a ƙarƙashin kashin baya. Aorta na dorsal yana raba jijiyar enteromesenteric mai ƙarfi (wannan jijiya yana ba da bututun narkewa da jini). Amma ga sauran rassan, jini yana gudana ta cikin ƙwanƙwasa dorsal zuwa gaɓoɓin baya da sauran gabobin.

Carotid arteries

Jijiyoyin carotid sune na ƙarshe don tashi daga mazugi na arterial da kasu kashi na ciki da waje arteries. Jini mai jiwuwa daga gaɓoɓin baya da kuma sashin jikin da ke baya ana tattara su ne ta hanyar jijiyar sciatic da na mata, waɗanda ke haɗuwa zuwa cikin jijiyoyi na renal portal kuma su watse zuwa capillaries a cikin kodan, wato tsarin hanyar portal na koda. Jijiyoyin suna tashi daga hagu da dama na mata na mata kuma suna haɗuwa zuwa cikin jijiyar ciki mara kyau, wanda ke zuwa hanta tare da bango na ciki, don haka ya rabu zuwa capillaries.

A cikin jijiyar portal na hanta, ana tattara jini daga jijiyoyi na dukkan sassan ciki da hanji, a cikin hanta ya rabu zuwa capillaries. Akwai haduwar jijiyoyi na renal capillaries zuwa cikin jijiyoyi, wadanda ke fitowa kuma suna kwarara zuwa cikin vena cava na baya da ba su biyu ba, kuma jijiyoyin da ke fitowa daga glandan al'aura suma suna gudana a wurin. Cava na baya yana wucewa ta cikin hanta, amma jinin da ke cikinsa baya shiga hanta, ƙananan jijiyoyi daga hanta suna gudana a cikinta, shi kuma yana gudana zuwa cikin venous sinus. Dukan caudate amphibians da wasu anurans suna riƙe da jijiyoyin baya na zuciya, waɗanda ke gudana zuwa cikin cava na baya.

jinin jini, wanda ke da oxidized a cikin fata, an tattara shi a cikin babban jijiyar fata, kuma jijiyar cuta, bi da bi, yana ɗaukar jini mai jiwuwa zuwa cikin subclavian vein kai tsaye daga jijiyar brachial. Jijiyoyin subclavian suna haɗuwa tare da jijiya jugular na ciki da na waje zuwa cikin hagu na gaban vena cava, wanda ke shiga cikin sinus na venous. Jini daga can ya fara gudana zuwa cikin atrium a gefen dama. A cikin jijiyoyin huhu, ana tattara jinin jijiya daga huhu, kuma jijiyoyin suna gudana cikin atrium a gefen hagu.

Jini da kuma atria

Lokacin da numfashi ya kasance na huhu, jini mai gauraye ya fara tattarawa a cikin atrium a gefen dama: ya ƙunshi jini da jini na jini, jinin jini yana fitowa daga dukkan sassan ta cikin vena cava, kuma jinin jini yana zuwa ta cikin jijiyoyi na fata. jinin jijiya ya cika atrium a gefen hagu, jini yana fitowa daga huhu. Lokacin da kumburin atria na lokaci guda ya faru, jini yana shiga cikin ventricle, tsiron bangon ciki ba sa barin jinin ya gauraya: jinin venous ya fi girma a cikin ventricle na dama, kuma jini na arterial ya fi girma a cikin ventricle na hagu.

Wani mazugi na jijiya yana fita daga ventricle a gefen dama, don haka lokacin da ventricle ya shiga cikin mazugi, jinin venous ya fara shiga, wanda ya cika fata na huhu. Idan ventricle ya ci gaba da yin kwangila a cikin mazugi na arterial, matsa lamba ya fara karuwa, bawul ɗin karkace ya fara motsawa kuma yana buɗe buɗaɗɗen ma'auni na aortic arches, a cikin su gauraye da jini gudu daga tsakiyar ventricle. Tare da cikakken raguwa na ventricle, jinin jijiya daga rabi na hagu ya shiga cikin mazugi.

Ba zai iya shiga cikin arched aorta da na huhu cutaneous arteries, saboda sun riga sun sami jini, wanda tare da matsa lamba mai karfi yana canza bawul ɗin karkace, buɗe bakin jijiyar carotid, jinin jini zai gudana a can, wanda za a aika. zuwa kai. Idan an kashe numfashi na huhu na dogon lokaci, alal misali, a lokacin hunturu a ƙarƙashin ruwa, ƙarin jinin jini zai gudana a cikin kai.

Oxygen yana shiga cikin kwakwalwa a cikin ƙaramin adadin, saboda ana samun raguwa gaba ɗaya a cikin aikin metabolism kuma dabba ya fada cikin rashin ƙarfi. A cikin amphibians da ke cikin caudate, rami sau da yawa yakan kasance tsakanin duka atria, kuma bawul ɗin karkace na mazugi na arterial ba shi da kyau. Saboda haka, mafi yawan gaurayewar jini yana shiga cikin jijiyoyi fiye da na amphibians maras wutsiya.

Kodayake masu amphibians suna da zagayowar jini yana zuwa da'ira biyu, saboda gaskiyar cewa ventricle ɗaya ne, baya barin su su rabu gaba ɗaya. Tsarin irin wannan tsarin yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da gabobin numfashi, waɗanda ke da tsari biyu kuma sun dace da salon rayuwar da amphibians ke jagoranta. Wannan yana ba da damar zama duka a ƙasa da ruwa don ciyar da lokaci mai yawa.

Jan kashin kasusuwa

Jan kasusuwan kasusuwa na tubular sun fara bayyana a cikin amphibians. Adadin jimlar jini ya kai kashi bakwai cikin dari na jimlar nauyin amphibian, kuma haemoglobin ya bambanta daga kashi biyu zuwa goma ko kuma har zuwa gram biyar a kowace kilogiram na nauyi, karfin iskar oxygen a cikin jini ya bambanta daga biyu da rabi zuwa goma sha uku. kashi dari, waɗannan alkaluma sun fi girma idan aka kwatanta da kifi.

Amphibians suna da manyan jajayen ƙwayoyin jini, amma kaɗan ne daga cikinsu: daga dubu ashirin zuwa dubu ɗari bakwai da talatin da ɗari bakwai da talatin a kowace milimita kubik na jini. Yawan jinin larvae ya yi ƙasa da na manya. A cikin masu amphibians, kamar a cikin kifi, matakan sukari na jini suna canzawa da yanayi. Yana nuna mafi girman dabi'u a cikin kifi, kuma a cikin amphibians, caudates daga kashi goma zuwa sittin, yayin da a cikin anura daga kashi arba'in zuwa tamanin.

Lokacin da bazara ya ƙare, ana samun karuwa mai ƙarfi a cikin carbohydrates a cikin jini, a cikin shirye-shiryen hunturu, saboda carbohydrates suna taruwa a cikin tsokoki da hanta, da kuma lokacin bazara, lokacin da lokacin kiwo ya fara kuma carbohydrates suna shiga cikin jini. Amphibians suna da tsarin tsarin tsarin hormonal na carbohydrate metabolism, ko da yake ba shi da kyau.

Umarni uku na amfibiya

Ambiyawa an kasu kashi kamar haka:

• Amphibians wutsiya. Wannan detachment ya ƙunshi kusan dubu ɗaya da ɗari da ɗari da ɗari da yawa da suka daidaita da motsawa a ƙasa, tsalle a kan gabar jiki, waɗanda suke elongated. Wannan tsari ya hada da kwadi, kwadi, da makamantansu. Akwai marasa wutsiya a duk nahiyoyi, banda kawai Antarctica. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: ƙwanƙwasa na gaske, kwaɗi na itace, masu zagaye-zagaye, kwaɗi na gaske, rhinoderms, whistlers da spadefoot.
• Amphibians suna ba da shawarar. Su ne mafi tsoho. Kimanin nau'ikan su dari biyu da tamanin ne dukkansu. Sabbi da salama iri iri nasu ne, suna zaune ne a yankin arewa. Wannan ya haɗa da dangin protea, salamanders marasa lungu, salamanders na gaskiya, da salamanders.
• Ƙafa mara ƙarfi. Akwai kimanin nau'ikan da hamsin da biyar da biyar, mafi yawansu rayuwa karkashin kasa. Wadannan amphibians sun dade sosai, tun da suka rayu har zuwa zamaninmu saboda gaskiyar cewa sun sami damar dacewa da salon burrowing.

Amphibian arteries suna daga cikin nau'ikan masu zuwa:

1. Carotid arteries suna ba da kai da jinin jijiya.
2. Skin-pulmonary arteries - suna ɗaukar jini mai jiwuwa zuwa fata da huhu.
3. Aortic arches suna dauke da jini wanda ya gauraye zuwa sauran gabobin.

Amphibians su ne mafarauta, glandan salivary, waɗanda aka haɓaka da kyau, asirin su yana moisturizes:

• harshe
• abinci da baki.

Amphibians sun tashi a tsakiya ko ƙananan Devonian, wato kimanin shekaru miliyan dari uku da suka gabata. Kifi su ne kakanninsu, suna da huhu kuma suna da filaye guda biyu waɗanda, mai yiwuwa, an haɓaka gaɓoɓi masu yatso biyar. Kifin da aka yi da lobe-fined kawai ya cika waɗannan buƙatun. Suna da huhu, kuma a cikin kwarangwal na fins, ana iya ganin abubuwa masu kama da sassan kwarangwal na wata gabar ƙasa mai yatso biyar. Har ila yau, gaskiyar cewa amphibians sun fito daga tsohuwar kifin lobe-finned yana nuni da kamanceceniya mai ƙarfi na ƙasusuwan kwanyar, kama da kwanyar amphibians na zamanin Paleozoic.

Haƙarƙari na ƙasa da na sama kuma sun kasance a cikin lobe-finned da amphibians. Duk da haka, kifin lungu, wanda ke da huhu, ya sha bamban da masu amphibians. Don haka, siffofi na locomotion da numfashi, wanda ya ba da damar yin tafiya a ƙasa a cikin kakannin amphibians, sun bayyana ko da lokacin da suke. Kashin bayan ruwa ne kawai.

Dalilin da ya zama tushen tushen waɗannan gyare-gyaren shine, a fili, tsarin tsarin tafki tare da ruwa mai dadi, da kuma wasu nau'in kifin lobe-finned sun zauna a cikinsu. Wannan na iya zama bushewa lokaci-lokaci ko rashin iskar oxygen. Babban abin da ya fi dacewa da ilimin halitta wanda ya zama mai yanke hukunci a cikin hutu na kakanni tare da tafki da kuma daidaita su a cikin ƙasa shine sabon abincin da suka samu a sabon mazauninsu.

Gabobin numfashi a cikin amphibians

Amphibians suna da gabobin numfashi kamar haka:

• Huhu sune gabobin numfashi.
• Gills. Suna nan a cikin tadpoles da wasu sauran mazaunan abubuwan ruwa.
• Gabobin na ƙarin numfashi a cikin nau'in fata da murfin mucous na rami na oropharyngeal.

A cikin amphibians, ana gabatar da huhu a cikin nau'i na jakunkuna guda biyu, a ciki. Suna da bangon da ke da kauri sosai, kuma a ciki akwai tsarin tantanin halitta ɗan haɓaka. Duk da haka, masu amphibians suna da ƙananan huhu. Misali, a cikin kwadi, ana auna rabon saman huhu da fata ne da kashi biyu zuwa uku, idan aka kwatanta da dabbobi masu shayarwa, wanda wannan rabon ya kai hamsin, wani lokacin kuma ya ninka sau dari wajen samun tagomashin huhu.

Tare da canjin tsarin numfashi a cikin amphibians, canji a tsarin numfashi. Amphibians har yanzu suna da wani nau'in numfashi na tilastawa na farko. Ana jawo iska a cikin rami na baka, don haka hanci ya buɗe kuma kasan kogon baka yana saukowa. Sannan ana rufe hanci da bawul, sannan kasan bakin yana tashi saboda iskar ta shiga cikin huhu.

Yaya tsarin jin tsoro a cikin amphibians

A cikin amphibians, kwakwalwa tana yin nauyi fiye da kifin. Idan muka dauki adadin nauyin kwakwalwa da taro, to, a cikin kifin zamani da ke da guringuntsi, adadi zai kasance 0,06-0,44%, a cikin kifi kashi 0,02-0,94%, a cikin amphibians wutsiya 0,29. -0,36%, a cikin amphibians mara nauyi 0,50-0,73%.

Kwakwalwar gaba na masu amphibians ya fi girma fiye da na kifi; an rabu gaba daya zuwa kashi biyu. Har ila yau, an bayyana ci gaba a cikin abun ciki na yawan adadin ƙwayoyin jijiya.

Kwakwalwa ta ƙunshi sassa biyar:

1. Kwakwalwar gaba babba ce mai girman gaske, wacce ta kasu kashi biyu kuma tana dauke da lobes masu kamshi.
2. Diencephalon ya ci gaba sosai.
3. Cerebellum mara haɓaka. Wannan kuwa ya faru ne saboda kasancewar motsin ‘yan amfibiya ya zama na kaxai kuma ba shi da sarkakiya.
4. Cibiyar kewayawa, narkewar abinci da tsarin numfashi shine medulla oblongata.
5. Hangen gani da sautin tsokar kwarangwal ana sarrafa su ta tsakiya.

Rayuwar masu amphibians

Salon da amphibians ke jagoranta yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da ilimin halittar jiki da tsarin su. Gabobin na numfashi ba su da kamala a cikin tsari - wannan ya shafi huhu, da farko saboda wannan, an bar tambari akan sauran tsarin gabobin. Danshi kullum yana ƙafewa daga fata, wanda ke sa amphibians dogara ga kasancewar danshi a cikin yanayi. Hakanan yanayin yanayin yanayin da masu amphibians ke rayuwa yana da matukar mahimmanci, saboda ba su da dumi-dumi.

Wakilan wannan aji suna da salon rayuwa daban-daban, don haka akwai bambanci a cikin tsari. Bambance-bambancen da yawan masu amphibians ya fi girma a cikin wurare masu zafi, inda akwai zafi mai yawa kuma kusan ko da yaushe yanayin iska yana da yawa.

Mafi kusa da sandar, ƙananan nau'in amphibian sun zama. Akwai 'yan amphibians kaɗan a cikin bushe da sanyi yankuna na duniya. Babu amphibians inda babu tafki, ko da na wucin gadi, domin qwai iya sau da yawa tasowa kawai a cikin ruwa. Babu amphibians a cikin ruwan gishiri, fatar jikinsu ba ta kula da matsa lamba na osmotic da yanayin hypertonic.

ƙwai ba sa haɓakawa a cikin tafkunan ruwan gishiri. Amphibians sun kasu zuwa ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa bisa ga yanayin mazaunin:

• ruwa,
• na duniya.

Terrestrial na iya yin nisa daga gawawwakin ruwa, idan wannan ba lokacin kiwo ba ne. Amma masu ruwa da tsaki, akasin haka, duk rayuwarsu suna cikin ruwa, ko kusa da ruwa. A cikin caudates, nau'ikan ruwa sun mamaye, wasu nau'ikan anuran kuma na iya zama nasu, a cikin Rasha, alal misali, waɗannan su ne kandami ko kwaɗin tafkin.

Arboreal amphibians Yadu rarraba tsakanin terrestrial, misali, copepod kwadi da bishiya kwadi. Wasu amphibians na ƙasa suna jagorantar salon binnewa, alal misali, wasu ba su da wutsiya, kuma kusan duka ba su da ƙafafu. A cikin mazaunan ƙasa, a matsayin mai mulkin, huhu ya fi girma, kuma fata ba ta da hannu a cikin tsarin numfashi. Saboda haka, ba su dogara da yanayin yanayin da suke ciki ba.

Amphibians suna yin ayyuka masu amfani waɗanda ke canzawa daga shekara zuwa shekara, ya dogara da adadin su. Ya bambanta a wasu matakai, a wasu lokuta kuma a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi. Amphibians, fiye da tsuntsaye, suna lalata kwari da ke da mummunan dandano da wari, da kuma kwari masu launin kariya. Lokacin da kusan duk tsuntsayen kwari suna barci, masu amphibians suna farauta.

Masana kimiyya sun dade suna mai da hankali ga gaskiyar cewa masu amphibians suna da fa'ida sosai a matsayin masu kashe kwari a cikin lambunan kayan lambu da lambuna. Manoman lambu a Holland, Hungary da Ingila sun zo da toads na musamman daga kasashe daban-daban, suna sakin su zuwa cikin lambuna da lambuna. A tsakiyar shekarun XNUMXs, an fitar da kusan nau'in toads guda dari da hamsin daga tsibiran Antilles da Hawaii. Sun fara haɓaka kuma an saki toads fiye da miliyan ɗaya a kan shukar rake, sakamakon ya wuce duk tsammanin.

Hangen gani da ji na masu amphibians

Idanun Amphibian suna kare kariya daga toshewa da bushewa m kasa da babba eyelids, da kuma nictitating membrane. Cornea ya zama convex da ruwan tabarau lenticular. Ainihin, masu amphibians suna ganin abubuwan da ke motsawa.

Dangane da gabobin ji, jijiyar ji da kunnen tsakiya sun bayyana. Wannan bayyanar shine saboda gaskiyar cewa ya zama dole don mafi kyawun fahimtar sautin sauti, saboda matsakaicin iska yana da girma fiye da ruwa.