"Doki a cikin fim yana da tasiri na musamman"

Ta yaya mareyi Sally Gardner, da zarar ta hau “kan kyamara”, ta sami ci gaba daga daukar hoto zuwa silima? Me yasa Spielberg dan Adam ne kuma Tarkovsky ba haka bane? Menene Gandalf ke da alaƙa da Odin, da dawakai tare da dodanni? Mun tattauna da Anton Dolin game da rawar da dokin ke takawa a cikin sinima.

hotuna masu motsi

A cikin 1878, mai daukar hoto na Amurka Edward Muybridge, wanda mai kiwon doki Leland Stanford ya ba da izini, ya yi jerin alamun kati "Doki a Motsi" (Doki a Motsi). Kowace alamar kati ta ƙunshi hotuna shida zuwa goma sha biyu waɗanda ke nuna motsin doki. Jerin "Sally Gardner a gallop" ya sami shahara a duniya. An buga hotunan a cikin Scientific American a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1878.

Dangane da sigar gama gari, Stanford yayi gardama tare da abokansa cewa a lokacin gulmar akwai lokutan da dokin baya taɓa ƙasa da kofato. Ya bayyana a cikin hotuna cewa duk ƙafafu huɗu ba sa taɓa ƙasa a lokaci ɗaya, ko da yake wannan yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da aka "tattara" gaɓoɓin a ƙarƙashin jiki, kuma ba a "miƙe" gaba da gaba ba, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin zane-zane.

A cikin al'ummar duniya na masu zane-zane na dabba, wannan ƙaddamarwa ta yi rawar gani sosai.

Sakamakon aikin Muybridge ya ba da damar yin wani babban mataki na fahimtar fasahar motsin doki, kuma yana da mahimmanci a ci gaban cinema.

Anton Dolin mai sukar fim ne, babban editan mujallar Art of Cinema, marubucin Meduza, marubucin littattafai game da silima.

Gwajin Edward Muybridge, wanda ya dauki hoton doki a kan tudu, ya taka rawar gani sosai wajen yin zane-zane da kuma nazarin fasahar motsin doki. Kuma mene ne muhimmancinsa a zuwan silima? Shin zai yiwu a kira abin da ya faru na farko a tarihin silima?

Zan kira shi "protokino" ko "prakino". Gabaɗaya, tarihin bayyanar silima za a iya ƙidaya shi daga fasahar dutsen, daga tarihin Platonic na Cave, daga al'adar gumakan Byzantine (rayuwar tsarkaka - me yasa ba labari ba?). Waɗannan yunƙuri ne na nuna motsi da ƙara, yunƙurin kwafi rayuwa ba tare da rage ta zuwa wakilcin tsari ba. A bayyane yake cewa daukar hoto ya zo kusa da wannan, kuma zamu iya cewa lokacin da na farko daguereotypes ya bayyana, ya riga ya kasance lokacin da aka kirkiro cinema - an "haife shi", kuma wannan "embryo" ya fara girma. Lokacin haihuwa, kamar yadda muka sani, masana tarihi daban-daban suna jayayya. Kwarewar Muybridge tana tsaka-tsaki tsakanin daukar hoto da silima. Inda aka ɗauki hotuna da yawa a jere suna isar da motsi, muna ganin kamannin fim da aka yanka a cikin firam.

Don nuna irin wannan motsi, ana buƙatar hoto mai fahimta. Don silima, jirgin ƙasa ne, ɗan lokaci kaɗan motar a matsayin alamar ci gaban fasaha. Tabbas, doki yana tare da mutum ya fi tsayi, amma aikinsa daidai yake - don hanzarta motsi. Saboda haka, ba kwatsam ita ma ta zama alamar wannan tsari ba.

Circus da Wild West

Ba za a iya tunanin Turawan Yamma tare da dukkan abubuwan gani nasu ba tare da amfani da dawakai ba. Faɗa mana yadda aka haifi wannan nau'in.

An gina dukkan tatsuniyoyi na Wild West akan hawan doki, kora da tsanantawa. Lokacin da yamma ta daina zama daji, al'adun hawan kawaye sun juya zuwa nuni (rodeos, alal misali, nishaɗin taron jama'a ne). An yi hasarar mahimmancin doki wajen bunƙasa ƙasa, amma abin kallo na al'adun dawaki na gida ya ragu, wanda kuma ya yi ƙaura zuwa gidan sinima. Kar ku manta, cinema ita ce kawai fasahar fasaha da aka haifa a wurin baje kolin. Sabanin duk wanda yake da tushen addini.

Muhimmancin cinema a matsayin abin kallo ya ji daɗi sosai daga Georges Méliès, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na circus wanda ya zama darekta kuma mai ƙirƙira abubuwan farko na musamman. Tunanin jan hankali yana da mahimmanci ga wannan fasaha.

Wani tunani mai ban sha'awa: doki wani ɓangare ne na circus, kuma circus shine farkon na cinema. Don haka, dawakai sun dace da jiki a cikin fim ɗin.

Babu shakka. Ɗauki kowane fim ɗin circus, daga Tod Browning's Freaks ko Charlie Chaplin's Circus zuwa Wim Wenders' Sky Over Berlin ko Tim Burton's Dumbo, dawakai kusan koyaushe zasu kasance a wurin. Doki da ke gudana a cikin da'irar wani muhimmin bangare ne na yanayin wasan circus, wannan mu'ujiza ta mutum. Tare da wannan magana, za mu iya kwatanta ba kawai circus ba, har ma da cinema.

Lokacin da akwai dawakai da yawa a cikin firam, kuma lokacin da aka yi fim ɗin a hankali, shin ya zama wani nau'in tasiri na musamman?

Dawakai a cikin fina-finai koyaushe suna da tasiri na musamman, ba kawai lokacin da suke da yawa ba. Mai yiyuwa ne a farkon karni na 1920 da 1930 ba ta bayyana haka ba, amma a lokacin yakin basasa, ga talakawan birni, doki da mahayi sun zama wani tasiri na musamman. Cinema, bayan haka, shine farkon fasahar birni. Hawa da mallake makamai ba safai ba ne. Har ma suna ƙaura daga ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, kamar yadda suke a da, kuma suna zama masu ban mamaki.

Wataƙila ɗayan abubuwan ban mamaki da ke da alaƙa da dawakai a cikin sinima shine babban wurin tseren karusa a cikin fim ɗin 1959 Ben Hur…

Ee, wannan abin mamaki ne! Kar a manta - babu wanda a cikin karni na XNUMX ya ga tseren karusa na gaske yana raye. Kuna iya karantawa game da shi, duba shi akan tsoffin frescoes da bas-reliefs, amma wannan baya ba da ra'ayi na uXNUMXbuXNUMXb abin da waɗannan gasa suka yi kama. Kuma a cikin "Ben-Hur" an nuna dukkan nunin a cikin motsi. Kuma kuma - abin jan hankali wanda ba a taɓa gani ba. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, cinema ya rigaya, ba shakka, ya yi amfani da tasiri, amma har zuwa zuwan SGI (Silicon Graphics, Inc - wani kamfani na Amurka godiya ga abin da aka fara amfani da kayan aikin kwamfuta a cikin cinema - ed.), Ganin wani abu akan allon. , masu sauraro sun yi imanin cewa wannan yana faruwa a zahiri. Dangane da tasirinsa ga mutum, kusan kamar circus iri ɗaya ne.

A bit game da dan Adam

A Ben-Hur, ana kuma saka dawakai cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ba su zama sifa ta tarihi kawai ba - dawakai suna da nasu rawar.

Menene babban tasirin doki? Domin ita mai rai ce. Bugu da ƙari, yana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da motsin rai da mutum. Doki yana da hali da hali, yana da nasa makoma. Idan doki ya mutu muna kuka. Wataƙila akwai irin waɗannan halittu guda biyu kusa da mutum - kare da doki. Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy, ɗaya daga cikin manyan marubutan da suka tsara ɗabi'a na karni na XNUMX, ya yi wani muhimmin motsi, ya rubuta Kholstomer, inda aka mayar da hankalin ɗan adam daga mutum zuwa dabba. Wato, doki yanzu ba kawai na'ura mai kyau ba ne don motsawa a sararin samaniya, har ma abokinka da abokin tarayya, abokin tarayya, bayanin "I" naka. A cikin fim din "Biyu Comrades suna hidima", ya bayyana a fili cewa ga jarumi Vysotsky doki ne sau biyu, wani canji. Ba kawai aboki ba, amma mutum mai ban tausayi. Saboda haka, ganin yadda dokin ya ruga ya bi jirgin, ya halaka kansa, sai ya harbe kansa. Wannan shi ne, gaba ɗaya, wani yanayi daga wasu litattafai na Gothic, inda jarumin ya harbe shi sau biyu, kuma shi da kansa ya mutu.

Ta hanyar halayen mutum ga dabba, mutum zai iya tantance halinsa…

I mana! Lokacin da muka kalli Yammacin Turai kuma har yanzu ba mu fahimci wane ne mai kyau da wanda ba shi da kyau, akwai wata ƙa'ida ta bayyana wacce ke aiki koyaushe: kalli karen da ya ɓace a cikin firam. Yaya jarumar za ta yi da ita? Idan ya buge, to shi mugu ne, in ya shafa, yana da kyau.

Dawakan da aka sadaukar don kallon kallo tabbas sun sha wahala daga tsarin yin fim kamar ba wani ba: da farko daga faɗuwa da rauni a wuraren yaƙi. A bayyane yake, a wani lokaci, jama'a sun fara sha'awar abin da ya rage a bayan fage, suka fara yin da'awar a kan masana'antar fim, kuma sanannen magana ta bayyana a cikin kididdigar "Babu dabbar da aka cutar da ita yayin yin fim."

Eh haka ne, wannan shi ne ci gaban al’umma. Wataƙila a cikin shekaru 20-30 mafi tasiri na siyasa a duniya za su kasance masu kare hakkin dabbobi. Cinema nuni ne na al'umma, kamar kowace fasaha. Da yake magana game da zalunci a cikin firam, Tarkovsky da fim dinsa "Andrei Rublev" nan da nan ya zo hankali.

Inda a cikin lamarin tare da harin Horde, an kori dokin a kan matakala na katako, kuma ya faɗi bayansa daga tsayin mita 2-3…

Tarkovsky ya kasance mai zane-zane kuma masanin falsafa, amma a fili shi ba ɗan adam ba ne. Babu shakka, a nan da gangan ya karya alaƙa da al'adun ɗan adam na adabin Rasha. Ba shi da tausayi ba ga dabbobi kaɗai ba, har ma ga mutane. Amma wannan rashin tausayin ba abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a harkar fim ba, a kan lamirinsa ne.

CinemaCentaurs

Menene makin doki ke wakilta?

Mutumin da ke kan doki yana samun babban ƙarfi - ya zama tsayi, sauri da ƙarfi. Wannan, ta hanyar, magabata sun fahimci shi sosai, in ba haka ba daga ina siffar centaur zai fito? Centaur halitta ce ta sihiri mai ƙarfi, sauri, da hikima fiye da ɗan adam.

Fim ɗin da ya ba mu tarin hotunan mahayin doki shi ne Ubangijin Zobba. Daga Mummunan Bakar Nazgul zuwa Gandalf, mai sihiri ya tashi daga matattu. Masu doki, alal misali, nan da nan suka lura cewa Gandalf yana tuka doki ba tare da sirdi da bridle ba. Shin Peter Jackson yana yin haka da gangan? Kuma shin masu kallo na yau da kullun suna lura da irin waɗannan nuances?

Irin waɗannan abubuwan ana karanta su da hankali. Ba a buƙatar ƙarin ilimi. Kuma, ba shakka, Jackson yana yin wannan da gangan - yana saka doki mai daraja Shakespearean actor Ian McKellen, yana tunanin ta hanyar duk cikakkun bayanai game da yadda zai duba a cikin firam. A kan allo, mun riga mun ga sakamakon dogon shawarwari, tattaunawa, da kuma aikin shirye-shiryen da yawa. Dawakan Tolkien suna da mahimmanci saboda Ubangijin Zobba shine sigar ɓangaren Scandinavia na tatsuniyar Saxon, an canza shi zuwa duniyar tatsuniya inda ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da dawakai ba. Da alama a gare ni cewa dangantakar Gandalf da doki ta koma Odin, babban allahn Scandinavia, da Sleipnir, dokin sihirinsa mai ƙafa takwas. A cikin tatsuniyar arna, yana da mahimmanci cewa dabbobi da mutane daidai suke. Ya bambanta da na Kirista, inda mutum yana da rai, amma dabbobi ba su da alama, inda a cikin Andrei Rublev Tarkovsky na iya iya karya kafafun doki don nuna fifikon mutum.

Yaki a idon doki

Bari mu yi magana game da Dokin Yaki. Wataƙila, ga masu sauraro da yawa wannan hoton wucewa ne, amma ba ga masoyan doki ba! Babban tambaya ita ce: me yasa Steven Spielberg ya dauki nauyin harbi da kansa? A shekara ta 2010, ya riga ya zama babban furodusa, ya harba cult blockbusters da yawa kuma, da alama, ya riga ya faɗi duk abin da yake so ya faɗa a cikin silima. Kuma a nan, ba kawai ya ɗauki wasan kwaikwayo na soja game da doki ba, amma har ma ya harbe kansa, a matsayin darekta?

Don amsa wannan tambayar, kuna buƙatar fahimtar Spielberg. Ba ya wasa da har abada yaro, shi ne da gaske. Ba shi da burin "babban marubucin Turai" wanda ke son bayyana kansa ta hanyar wani fim, ya ƙaunaci sabon aikin cikin sauƙi, sauƙin ɗaukar kayan wani ("Dokin Yaki" shine littafin Mark Morpurgo, on. wanda aka yi wasan kwaikwayo). Haka yake da fim dinsa na farko. Jaws wani sabon labari ne na Peter Benchley. Spielberg ya riga ya sha'awar dabbobi, duka masu ban tsoro da kyau. Kuma ana iya gano alamun wannan soyayya a yawancin fina-finansa, har zuwa fitaccen jarumin nan mai suna Milu a cikin The Adventures of Tintin.

Makircin a cikin "Dokin Yaki" yana da ban mamaki: labarin yaki ne wanda ba mutum ya shiga ba, kamar yadda muka saba, farawa daga "Iliad" na Homer, amma doki. Anan dokin yana canza mutane, kuma ba akasin haka ba. Kuma wannan ra'ayin yana da kyau! Kuma ko da a waje da tsarin zamani na ɗan adam, inda a gare mu dabbar ta zama mafi ban sha'awa fiye da ɗan adam, wannan yana da ban sha'awa sosai kawai a matsayin koma baya ga makircin gargajiya. Kuma ba zan ce ana yin hakan sau da yawa a cikin fina-finai ba - jan doki na gaske ta hanyar duk wannan harbi da tasiri na musamman aiki ne mai wuyar gaske wanda Spielberg ya warware. Wato akwai kuma kalubalen fasaha. Na tabbata Spielberg ta ɗauki wannan ra'ayin da mahimmanci, ta ƙaunaci wannan hali mai ƙafa huɗu, kuma ya sa wannan hoton ya zama gaskiya.

Daga fagen tunani

Kwanan nan ya fito da sabon fim ta Viggo Mortensen "Fall". Matakin yana faruwa ne a kan tushen barga. Shin yana da daraja neman wasu ma'ana ta musamman a nan a cikin dawakai a cikin wannan fim?

Dawakai ba sa cikin fina-finai kamar haka. Haɗi ne mai rai wanda ke haɗa mutum da yanayi. Nature wani abu ne na har abada, kuma ya wanzu kafin mutane, da abin da zai kasance bayansa. Tunatarwa na ɗan lokaci. Amma mutum yana da ruhi, hankali, baiwar magana. Dokin yana tsakiya, kamar yadda kare yake, a hanya.

Mun riga mun faɗi cewa mutumin zamani yakan ga doki a karon farko daidai a cikin sinima. Wataƙila ya kamata mu ma godiya ga cinema don kiyaye dawakai a rayuwarmu.

Doki wani bangare ne na tunaninmu, na duniyarmu, ya kasance kuma ya kasance abokin mutum tsawon dubban shekaru. A bayyane yake cewa matsayinsa na tarihi ya canza sosai. Amma kasancewarta a ko'ina a cikin fasaha yana nan ya tsaya. Idan wata rana aka hana masu shirya fina-finai yin fim game da abubuwan da suka faru a baya, na tabbata za su gano yadda za a hada dawakai a halin yanzu ko na gaba. Yana kama da dodanni. Da alama ba su wanzu, amma fasaha koyaushe yana dawo da su cikin rayuwarmu, yana mai da su ɓangaren duniyarmu. Hakika kasancewar doki a doron kasa kusan ba shi da wani tasiri a kan samuwar doki a cikin tatsuniyar hasashe. Kuma fina-finai, har ma da mafi yawan gaske, na cikin duniyar tunanin.

Source: http://www.goldmustang.ru/