Mamaye a cikin karnuka: Shin Tsarin Kare na Alpha yana aiki?

Wani lokaci mutum yakan sami ra'ayi cewa duk magana game da biyayya da matsalolin hali a cikin karnuka wata hanya ko wani nunin faifai a cikin batun "rinjaye“. Masu karnuka suna magana game da yadda yakamata su zama "shugaban fakitin" da "karen alpha a cikin gidansu." 

Hoto: flickr

Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan shi ne cewa wanda ya bayyana kansa "mai fara'a na kare", sanannen "mai horarwa" Kaisar Millan, ya fita daga hanyarsa don yada amfani da mummuna da hanyoyin tashin hankali don "mamaye" karnuka marasa kyau.

Amma shin ra'ayin Alpha Dog yana aiki da gaske? Binciken zamani ya kira irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin cikin tambaya kuma yana magana akan gazawarsu.

Masana kimiyya sun ƙi

Musamman, rashin hankali na Millan a cikin tsarinsa na zalunci yana suka Stanley  korean, farfesa a ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar British Columbia, PhD., DSc, FRSC, marubucin litattafai da yawa game da karnuka (ciki har da Kare na zamani, Me yasa karnuka suke da rigar hanci? The Pawprints of History, How Dogs Think, How To Speak Dog) , Me Yasa Muke Son Karnukan Da Muke Yi, Me Karnuka Suka Sani?Harkokin Karnuka, Me Yasa Kare Na Yake Yin Haka?

Hanyoyin Millan, in ji Stanley Coren, ba sa samun tallafi a tsakanin yawancin masu halayyar kare da masu bincike. 

Bari mu fara da gaskiyar cewa Kaisar Millan ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai fara'a na kare", wanda ya yi kama da ban mamaki. Wannan juzu'i ce ta taken "mai raɗaɗin doki" da aka fara amfani da shi don masu horar da doki irin su Willis J. Powell da Monty Roberts. Amma an kira su "masu fara'a" daidai domin sun ƙi yin amfani da ƙarfi, wanda ita ce hanyar da aka yarda da ita ta magance dawakai masu wuya da kuma m, kuma sun haɓaka hanyoyi masu laushi! Wato, kwatancen a fili bai goyi bayan Millan ba.

Game da dabarun da Millan ke amfani da su, masana, musamman, Jean Donalson, darekta na Kwalejin SPCA don Masu Horar da Kare a San Francisco, ya ce: “Kwarewa, wanda ke jaddada ƙa’idodin ɗan adam da ayyuka masu kyau, wannan mutumin ya tura shi nesa, nesa da nisa don nuna wasa da samun kuɗi… Yi amfani da kalmar. “caster” a haɗe tare da yin amfani da maƙarƙashiya, muguwar hanyoyi da jahilai gabaɗaya rashin gaskiya ne da rashin tunani.

Jean Donaldson ya fusata sosai da hanyoyin Millan cewa ita, tare da Ian Dunbar, Shahararren masanin halayyar kare da ake mutuntawa tare da digirin likitan dabbobi da kuma digiri na uku a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam, ya kirkiro DVD mai suna Fighting Dominance in a Dog whispering World. Sun wargaza hanyoyin da Millan ke amfani da shi gaba ɗaya a cikin shahararren shirin talabijin. Hanyoyi na Millan sun sami mummunar suka daga wasu masu ɗabi'ar kare da masu horarwa.

Duk da haka, Kaisar Millan yana da ƙananan soya don kula da shi sosai, a cewar Stanley Coren. Akwai wata tambaya mai mahimmanci da za a yi la'akari da ita. Alal misali, shin manufar rinjaye yana aiki kwata-kwata, kuma musamman ra'ayin zama "Alpha Dog - Pack Leader"?

Hoto: flickr

Konrad Lorenz da ra'ayin rinjaye a cikin karnuka

Konrad Lorenz, a cikin littafinsa King Solomon's Ring, wanda aka buga a shekara ta 1949, ya bayyana bambancin halayen kare da ke da rinjaye. Lorenz, wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel kuma daya daga cikin masu halayyar dabba na farko, ya dogara da abin da ya gani a kan karnukan nasa. Idan daya kare ya kasance mafi m da mamaye (mafi rinjaye), dayan kare ya gane matsayinsa ta hanyar nuna halin biyayya (mafi rinjaye). Lorenz ya yi imanin cewa mutum yana gina dangantaka ta rinjaye tare da kare, tun da idan ya yi barazana ga daya daga cikin karnuka, ta nuna alamar biyayya gare shi.

Hakika, babu wanda ya yi jayayya da gagarumin gudunmawar Konrad Lorenz ga ethology. Duk da haka, akwai wani abu kuma da za a yi la'akari.

Da farko, Lorenz yayi nazarin wasu dabbobi (musamman, grey gyada), amma bai gudanar da gwaje-gwajen kimiyya tare da karnuka ba - ra'ayinsa ya dogara ne kawai akan kallon dabbobin nasa.

Na biyu, ra'ayoyin masana kimiyya yawanci suna nuna al'adu da imani na lokacin tarihi da waɗannan masanan ke rayuwa a ciki. An haifi Lorenz a Ostiriya a cikin 1903 - kuma hakan yana faɗi da yawa. Tunanin Konrad Lorenz game da karnuka ya shafi hanyoyin horar da karnuka da aka yi a lokacin, galibin wadannan hanyoyin da sojojin Jamus suka kirkiro don horar da karnukan hidima. Kuma hanyoyin horar da karnuka a wancan lokacin sun nuna tsarin gaba daya da aka samu a cikin sojojin wancan lokacin, wanda ke nufin sun dogara ne kan mafi tsananin horo da amfani da karfi ba tare da dalili ba. Takamaiman kayan aikin da aka ƙera don horarwa ta wannan hanyar sun haɗa da, alal misali, yin amfani da leash tare da bulala a gefe ɗaya ta yadda kayan aiki koyaushe yana samuwa don bugun kare idan bai bi umarnin ba.

Hoto: littlerock.af.mil

Kanar Konrad Most ya bayyana da kyau falsafar ilimi da ta mamaye Jamus a wancan lokacin. “Ba tare da tilastawa ba, ba shi yiwuwa a horar da kare ko mutum. Ko mai karen mai taushin zuciya ba zai iya yin magana da gunkinsa mai ƙafa huɗu ba, wanda yake bautawa, ba tare da tashin hankali ba. 

A wasu kalmomi, sojojin Jamus a farkon rabin karni na 20th sun dage: yi amfani da karfi don kafa rinjaye sannan kuma suyi amfani da wannan rinjaye don sarrafa halin kare.

David L. Mech: Ra'ayoyin Dominance da Alpha Wolf

Nazarin farko na masu dabi'ar wolf ya zama kamar yana goyan bayan ra'ayin tsattsauran ra'ayi, jarumtaka-kamar tsarin zamantakewa, yawanci ana kiyaye su ta hanyar karfin jiki da tsoratarwa. Jagora - "Alpha Wolf" - tare da taimakon hanyoyin tashin hankali da barazana yana kiyaye matsayinsa na jagora. Koyaya, abin takaici ga masu son hanyoyin tashin hankali, ƙarin bincike ya nuna cikakkiyar gazawar wannan ra'ayin.

David L. Down ya kasance daya daga cikin masana kimiyya na farko da suka yi nazari kan halayen kyarkeci a cikin daji. A cikin 70s na karni na 20, ya buga wani littafi da aka rubuta a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ra'ayoyin da suka fi rinjaye a baya, ciki har da na Lorenz, kuma a cikinsa ya bayyana jagoran fakitin a matsayin "Alpha Wolf". Sai dai kuma daga baya shi da kansa ya nuna shakku kan sahihancin amfani da wannan kalmar. Yanzu yana ikirarin haka kada a yi amfani da wannan lakabin., yayin da ya yi kuskure ya nuna cewa ƙulle-ƙulle na yaƙi don mamayewa.

A gaskiya ma, yayin da suke girma, kerkeci suna barin iyalin iyaye don su sami abokiyar aure kuma su haifi 'ya'ya, wanda ya zama sabon fakitin nasu. Kuma rinjaye yana tasowa ne kawai saboda iyaye, kamar a kowace iyali, a dabi'a suna sarrafa halin 'ya'yansu, kamar yadda yake faruwa a cikin iyali.

Kamar yadda yake a cikin iyalai na yau da kullun, iyaye suna kafa dokoki masu kyau a hankali. Kuma a wannan yanayin, kalmar "Alpha" Mech baya amfani. Maimakon haka, yana amfani da kalmar “kiwo” namiji ko mace a cikin fakiti. Ko kuma uwa-uba kawai da uban kerkeci.

Hoto: pixabay.com

Saboda haka, ra'ayin "Alpha Wolf" za a iya amfani da kawai a cikin kwatanta wani wucin gadi halitta fakitin, lokacin da mutum ya tara dabbobi da ba su da alaka da juna, amma, misali, da gangan kama kerkeci sanya a cikin wani shinge. 

A cikin irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar da ba na dabi'a ba, dabbobin na iya yin gwagwarmaya don jagoranci, kuma "Alpha Wolf" zai bayyana. Amma wannan ba dangi ba ne, amma a maimakon haka, mafi girman tsaro kurkuku.

Amma kerkeci kuma ba karnuka ba ne!

Tabbas, karnuka, haka ma, sun bambanta da kyarkeci saboda gida. Kuma kuna iya komawa, misali, zuwa binciken Roberto Bonanni (Jami'ar Parma, 2010).

Sun yi nazarin fakitin karnukan da suka bace kuma suka yanke shawarar cewa shugabanci abu ne mai daure kai. Misali, a cikin fakitin dabbobi guda 27, akasari karnuka shida ne suka dauki nauyin jagoranci a lokuta daban-daban, amma akalla rabin manyan karnukan suma suna daukar matsayin jagora a kalla lokaci-lokaci. Ya bayyana cewa mafi yawan lokuta ana ba da gudummawar jagoranci ga karnuka masu gogaggen, amma, ta hanyar, ba lallai ba ne mafi yawan tashin hankali.

Da alama fakitin Yana ba da damar wani kare ko wani ya dauki matsayin jagora a wani lokaci domin a samu nasara daga halin da ake ciki da kuma samun damar yin amfani da abubuwan da suka dace.

Hoto: wikimedia

Me ya sa muke bukatar sanin wannan?

Na farko, zuwa ku kasance masu mahimmanci ga ainihin ra'ayin yin amfani da karfi a horon kare.  

Abu na biyu, to, don fahimtar cewa dabarun da mutane kamar Kaisar Millan da sauran masu goyon bayan "jarumi" suke amfani da su wajen horar da kare da gyaran halayen sun dogara ne akan. hujjar karya. Wannan shi ne gadon sojojin Jamus na karnin da ya gabata, da kuma wani bayani mara tushe wanda ya danganta da kallo guda daya na kyarkeci a cikin yanayin da bai dace ba.

Hoto: pxhere

Kuma watakila yanzu shine lokacin da za a sake tunani game da horar da kare da kuma biyayya ga hanyoyin da aka dogara da su on tabbataccen ƙarfafawa. Daga wannan ra'ayi, sarrafa halin kare shine, da farko, aiki tare da shi dalili da bukatu, kamar abinci, wasa, da hulɗar zamantakewa, maimakon yin amfani da ƙarfin hali don "mamaye" dabba ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba kuma ba ta dace ba.

Idan ka tsara yanayin rayuwar kare da kyau kuma ka ba shi abin da yake bukata a wannan lokacin, kare zai yi farin ciki hadin kai da kai. Kuma wannan hanya ta fi tasiri fiye da abin da ake kira "mallaka".

Tabbas ya kamata matsayin mutum ya fi na kare. Duk da haka, ana iya samun wannan sauƙi ba tare da karfi ba, amma tare da taimakon girmamawa da amfani ƙarfafawa.